{"id":16012,"date":"2019-02-11T09:33:33","date_gmt":"2019-02-11T08:33:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.testanonpertinente.net\/?p=16012"},"modified":"2021-02-17T20:54:00","modified_gmt":"2021-02-17T19:54:00","slug":"16012","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/?p=16012","title":{"rendered":"discours, dispute, logica modernorum, logique, oxford, sophisma, terminisme, XIIe, XIIIe (Libera, La philosophie m\u00e9di\u00e9vale)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Un <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> n\u2019est pas un \u00ab&nbsp;sophisme&nbsp;\u00bb au sens habi\u00adtuel du terme&nbsp;: ce n\u2019est pas une fal\u00adla\u00adcie ni un para\u00adlo\u00adgisme. Ce n\u2019est pas un rai\u00adson\u00adne\u00adment faux ou vicieux&nbsp;: c\u2019est une simple pro\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion d\u00e9rou\u00adtante (<em>puzz\u00adling-sen\u00adtence<\/em>), dont l\u2019a\u00adna\u00adlyse et la \u00ab&nbsp;solu\u00adtion&nbsp;\u00bb sont men\u00e9es contra\u00addic\u00adtoi\u00adre\u00adment au sein d\u2019une dis\u00adpute met\u00adtant aux prises un <em>oppo\u00adnens<\/em> et un <em>respon\u00addens<\/em> (voire plus). L\u2019examen d\u2019un <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> suit un pro\u00adgramme pr\u00e9\u00adcis et qua\u00adsi\u00adment inva\u00adriable. On d\u00e9fi\u00adnit d\u2019a\u00adbord un uni\u00advers de dis\u00adcours, c\u2019est la \u00ab&nbsp;<em>posi\u00adtio<\/em>\u202f\u00bb du \u00ab\u202f<em>casus<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb. On fait ensuite deux inf\u00e9\u00adrences. L\u2019une pend le <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> pour conclu\u00adsion, l\u2019autre pour pr\u00e9\u00admisse. La pre\u00admi\u00e8re inf\u00e9\u00adrence sert \u00e0 prou\u00adver que le <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> est vrai, c\u2019est la \u00ab&nbsp;<em>pro\u00adba\u00adtio<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb, la seconde \u00e0 prou\u00adver qu\u2019il est faux, c\u2019est l\u201d\u00ab&nbsp;<em>impro\u00adba\u00adtio<\/em>\u202f\u00bb ou \u00ab\u202f<em>contra<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb. La solu\u00adtion (<em>solu\u00adtio<\/em>) consiste g\u00e9n\u00e9\u00adra\u00adle\u00adment \u00e0 d\u00e9ter\u00admi\u00adner le type de pro\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion qu\u2019est le <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em>. Pour cela, on montre que \u00ab\u202f<em>pro\u00adba\u00adtio<\/em>\u202f\u00bb et \u00ab\u202f<em>impro\u00adba\u00adtio<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb reposent cha\u00adcune sur une cer\u00adtaine inter\u00adpr\u00e9\u00adta\u00adtion de la phrase. Ces inter\u00adpr\u00e9\u00adta\u00adtions dif\u00adf\u00e9\u00adrentes sont expli\u00adci\u00adt\u00e9es par des pro\u00adc\u00e9\u00addures sp\u00e9\u00adci\u00adfiques. Le sta\u00adtut logique du <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> est en g\u00e9n\u00e9\u00adral don\u00adn\u00e9 par l\u2019une des qua\u00adli\u00adfi\u00adca\u00adtions sui\u00advantes&nbsp;: la phrase \u00ab&nbsp;ambi\u00adgu\u00eb&nbsp;\u00bb (<em>mul\u00adti\u00adplex<\/em>), si l\u2019in\u00adter\u00adpr\u00e9\u00adta\u00adtion cor\u00adres\u00adpon\u00addant \u00e0 la \u00ab&nbsp;<em>pro\u00adba\u00adtio<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb et celle cor\u00adres\u00adpon\u00addant \u00e0 l\u201d\u00ab&nbsp;<em>impro\u00adba\u00adtio<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb sont toutes deux pos\u00adsibles. Elle est vraie, si le sens cor\u00adres\u00adpon\u00addant \u00e0 la \u00ab&nbsp;<em>pro\u00adba\u00adtio<\/em>&nbsp;\u00bb fait que la pro\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion est v\u00e9ri\u00adfi\u00e9e pour les condi\u00adtions impo\u00ads\u00e9es par le \u00ab&nbsp;<em>casus<\/em>\u202f\u00bb. Elle est fausse dans le cas contraire. Un <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> est donc g\u00e9n\u00e9\u00adra\u00adle\u00adment vrai dans un sens, faux dans un autre. Toutefois, une pro\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion peut bien \u00eatre ambi\u00adgu\u00eb et fausse dans les deux sens ou trans\u00adpa\u00adrente mais fausse dans le cas consi\u00add\u00e9\u00adr\u00e9 et en g\u00e9n\u00e9\u00adral (<em>sim\u00adpli\u00adci\u00adter fal\u00adsa<\/em>) ou encore trans\u00adpa\u00adrente et vraie sous tous les rap\u00adports (<em>sim\u00adpli\u00adci\u00adter vera<\/em>).<br>\n\u00c0 quoi servent les <em>sophis\u00adma\u00adta<\/em>&nbsp;? Il y a approxi\u00adma\u00adti\u00adve\u00adment autant de vari\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9s de <em>sophis\u00adma\u00adta<\/em> et de dis\u00adputes dophis\u00adma\u00adtiques qu\u2019il y a de formes de dis\u00adputes et de fina\u00adli\u00adt\u00e9s p\u00e9da\u00adgo\u00adgiques&nbsp;: le spectre est large et continu.<br>\nOn peut, cepen\u00addant, dis\u00adtin\u00adguer entre les si\u00e8cles. Au XIII<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, la fonc\u00adtion du <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> est de tes\u00adter la per\u00adti\u00adnence des r\u00e8gles et des dis\u00adtinc\u00adtions usuelles de la s\u00e9man\u00adtique logique et de la gram\u00admaire phi\u00adlo\u00adso\u00adphique, qu\u2019elle soit ou non sp\u00e9\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adtive. Il en va en ce sens des <em>sophis\u00adma\u00adta<\/em> comme de la plu\u00adpart des \u00e9non\u00adc\u00e9s dis\u00adcu\u00adt\u00e9s par les phi\u00adlo\u00adsophes ana\u00adly\u00adtiques depuis Russel. [\u2026]\nAu XV<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, le <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> devient une m\u00e9thode de rai\u00adson\u00adne\u00adment qui s\u2019ap\u00adplique \u00e0 <em>tous les sec\u00adteurs du savoir<\/em>&nbsp;: notam\u00adment \u00e0 la <em>phy\u00adsique<\/em>, ph\u00e9\u00adno\u00adm\u00e8ne par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adli\u00e8\u00adre\u00adment net dans l\u2019\u00c9cole des Calculateurs d\u2019Oxford et encou\u00adra\u00adg\u00e9 par l\u2019exis\u00adtence de <em>dis\u00adpu\u00adta\u00adtiones de par\u00advi\u00adso<\/em> (\u00ab&nbsp;dis\u00adputes de par\u00advis&nbsp;\u00bb) entre \u00e9tu\u00addiants hors l\u2019\u00e9\u00adcole) o\u00f9 l\u2019i\u00adma\u00adgi\u00adnaire phi\u00adlo\u00adso\u00adphique n\u2019est limi\u00adt\u00e9 par aucune sou\u00adci de r\u00e9a\u00adlisme. Les cas, les r\u00e8gles et les argu\u00adments sont int\u00e9\u00adgr\u00e9s dans une stra\u00adt\u00e9\u00adgie m\u00e9ta\u00adlin\u00adguis\u00adtique d\u2019en\u00adsemble, dont la vis\u00e9e n\u2019est plus p\u00e9da\u00adgo\u00adgique, au sens o\u00f9 elle serait li\u00e9e \u00e0 un mode par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adlier d\u2019ins\u00adti\u00adtu\u00adtion de la dis\u00adpute, mais scien\u00adti\u00adfique, au sens o\u00f9 le <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> est d\u00e9sor\u00admais un cadre concep\u00adtuel per\u00admet\u00adtant de \u00ab&nbsp;pous\u00adser l\u2019exa\u00admen d\u2019une ques\u00adtion&nbsp;\u00bb phy\u00adsique, \u00ab&nbsp;au-del\u00e0 des limites des <em>pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adt\u00e9s phy\u00adsiques<\/em> licites pour la phi\u00adlo\u00adso\u00adphie natu\u00adrelle et de s\u2019en\u00adga\u00adger dans le champ plus large de ce qui est <em>logi\u00adque\u00adment pos\u00adsible<\/em>\u202f\u00bb (J.\u202fMurdoch). <strong>Le for\u00admat p\u00e9da\u00adgo\u00adgique du <em>sophis\u00adma<\/em> devient ain\u00adsi le for\u00admat m\u00eame de la science comme acti\u00advi\u00adt\u00e9 discursive.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un sophis\u00adma n\u2019est pas un \u00ab&nbsp;sophisme&nbsp;\u00bb au sens habi\u00adtuel du terme&nbsp;: ce n\u2019est pas une fal\u00adla\u00adcie ni un para\u00adlo\u00adgisme. Ce n\u2019est pas un rai\u00adson\u00adne\u00adment faux ou vicieux&nbsp;: c\u2019est une simple pro\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00adtion d\u00e9rou\u00adtante (puzz\u00ad\u00adling-sen\u00ad\u00adtence), dont l\u2019a\u00adna\u00adlyse et la \u00ab&nbsp;solu\u00adtion&nbsp;\u00bb sont men\u00e9es contra\u00addic\u00adtoi\u00adre\u00adment au sein d\u2019une dis\u00adpute met\u00adtant aux prises un oppo\u00adnens et un respon\u00addens (voire plus).&nbsp;[\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"quote","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[118,2724,2075,951,2040,2718,2038,2726,2725],"class_list":["post-16012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-quote","hentry","category-non-classe","tag-discours","tag-dispute","tag-logica-modernorum","tag-logique","tag-oxford","tag-sophisma","tag-terminisme","tag-xiie","tag-xiiie","post_format-post-format-quote"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16012","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16012"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16012\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16012"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16012"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16012"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}