L\u2019usage<\/i> doit donc \u00eatre ana\u00adly\u00ads\u00e9 pour lui-m\u00eame. Les mod\u00e8les ne manquent pas, sur\u00adtout en ce qui concerne la langue, ter\u00adrain pri\u00advi\u00adl\u00e9\u00adgi\u00e9 pour le rep\u00e9\u00adrage des for\u00adma\u00adli\u00adt\u00e9s propres \u00e0 ces pra\u00adtiques. Giblert Ryle, repre\u00adnant la dis\u00adtinc\u00adtion saus\u00adsu\u00adrienne entre la \u00ab langue \u00bb et (un sys\u00adt\u00e8me) et la \u00ab parole \u00bb (un acte), com\u00adpa\u00adrait la pre\u00admi\u00e8re \u00e0 un capi\u00adtal<\/i> et la seconde aux op\u00e9\u00adra\u00adtions<\/i> qu\u2019il per\u00admet : d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, un stock ; de l\u2019autre, de affaires et des usages. Dans le cas de la consom\u00adma\u00adtion, on pour\u00adrait presque dire que la pro\u00adduc\u00adtion four\u00adnit le capi\u00adtal et que les uti\u00adli\u00adsa\u00adteurs, comme des loca\u00adtaires, acqui\u00e8rent le droit de faire des op\u00e9\u00adra\u00adtions sur ce fonds sans en \u00eatre les pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adtaires. Mais la com\u00adpa\u00adrai\u00adson vaut seule\u00adment pour le rap\u00adport entre un savoir de la langue et des \u00ab actes de parole \u00bb (speech acts<\/i>). \u00c0 ce seul titre, on a d\u00e9j\u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de ques\u00adtions et de cat\u00e9\u00adgo\u00adries qui ont per\u00admis, sur\u00adtout depuis Bar-Hillel, d\u2019ouvrir dans l\u2019\u00e9tude du lan\u00adgage (semio\u00adsis<\/i> ou semio\u00adtic<\/i>) une sec\u00adtion par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adli\u00e8re (dite prag\u00adma\u00adtics<\/i>) consa\u00adcr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019usage ou aux indexi\u00adcal expres\u00adsions<\/i>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire \u00ab aux mots et aux phrases dont la r\u00e9f\u00e9\u00adrence ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9ter\u00admi\u00adn\u00e9e sans conna\u00eetre le contexte de l\u2019usage \u00bb.
\nL\u2019\u00e9nonciation sup\u00adpose [\u2026] : 1, une effec\u00adtua\u00adtion<\/i> du sys\u00adt\u00e8me lin\u00adguis\u00adtique par un dire qui en actue des pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adt\u00e9s (la langue n\u2019est r\u00e9elle que dans l\u2019acte de par\u00adler) ; 2. une appro\u00adpria\u00adtion<\/i> de la langue par le locu\u00adteur qui la parle ; 3. l\u2019implantation d\u2019un inter\u00adlo\u00adcu\u00adteur (r\u00e9el ou fic\u00adtif), et donc la consti\u00adtu\u00adtion d\u2019un contrat<\/i> rela\u00adtion\u00adnel ou d\u2019une allo\u00adcu\u00adtion (on parle \u00e0 quelqu\u2019un) ; 4. l\u2019instauration d\u2019un pr\u00e9\u00adsent<\/i> par l\u2019acte du \u00ab je \u00bb qui parle, et conjoin\u00adte\u00adment, puisque \u00ab le pr\u00e9\u00adsent est pro\u00adpre\u00adment la source du temps \u00bb, l\u2019organisation d\u2019une tem\u00adpo\u00adra\u00adli\u00adt\u00e9 (le pr\u00e9\u00adsent cr\u00e9e un avant et un apr\u00e8s) et l\u2019existence d\u2019un \u00ab main\u00adte\u00adnant \u00bb qui est pr\u00e9\u00adsence au monde.
\nCes \u00e9l\u00e9\u00adments (r\u00e9a\u00adli\u00adser, s\u2019approprier, s\u2019inscrire dans des rela\u00adtions, se situer dans le temps) font de l\u2019\u00e9nonciation, et secon\u00addai\u00adre\u00adment de l\u2019usage, un n\u0153ud de cir\u00adcons\u00adtances, une nodo\u00adsi\u00adt\u00e9 ind\u00e9\u00adta\u00adchable du \u00ab contexte \u00bb dont abs\u00adtrai\u00adte\u00adment on la dis\u00adtingue. Indissociable de l\u2019ins\u00adtant<\/i> pr\u00e9\u00adsent, de cir\u00adcons\u00adtances par\u00adti\u00adcu\u00adli\u00e8res<\/i> et d\u2019un faire<\/i> (pro\u00adduire de la langue et modi\u00adfier la dyna\u00admique d\u2019une rela\u00adtion), l\u2019acte de dire est un usage de<\/i> de la langue et une op\u00e9\u00adra\u00adtion sur<\/i> elle. On peut ten\u00adter d\u2019en appli\u00adquer le mod\u00e8le sur beau\u00adcoup d\u2019op\u00e9rations non lin\u00adguis\u00adtiques, en pre\u00adnant pour hypo\u00adth\u00e8se que tous ces usages rel\u00e8vent de la consommation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
L\u2019usage doit donc \u00eatre ana\u00adly\u00ads\u00e9 pour lui-m\u00eame. Les mod\u00e8les ne manquent pas, sur\u00adtout en ce qui concerne la langue, ter\u00adrain pri\u00advi\u00adl\u00e9\u00adgi\u00e9 pour le rep\u00e9\u00adrage des for\u00adma\u00adli\u00adt\u00e9s propres \u00e0 ces pra\u00adtiques. Giblert Ryle, repre\u00adnant la dis\u00adtinc\u00adtion saus\u00adsu\u00adrienne entre la \u00ab langue \u00bb et (un sys\u00adt\u00e8me) et la \u00ab parole \u00bb (un acte), com\u00adpa\u00adrait la pre\u00admi\u00e8re \u00e0 un capi\u00adtal et la [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"quote","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2151,2152,2115,1364,2153,143,135,1250,282,2154,2150,2155,747,1802],"class_list":["post-1964","post","type-post","status-publish","format-quote","hentry","category-non-classe","tag-capital","tag-capitaloperation","tag-de-certeau","tag-index","tag-langueparole","tag-linguistique","tag-operation","tag-pragmatisme","tag-saussure","tag-speech-act","tag-stock","tag-systemeacte","tag-usage","tag-utilisation","post_format-post-format-quote"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1964","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1964"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1964\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}