Les pro\u00adbl\u00e8mes que sou\u00adl\u00e8ve la th\u00e9o\u00adrie moderne de la d\u00e9mo\u00adcra\u00adtie lib\u00e9\u00adrale sont, nous le ver\u00adrons, plus fon\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtaux qu\u2019on ne l\u2019a cru. Il nous est appa\u00adru qu\u2019ils ne sont qu\u2019au\u00adtant d\u2019ex\u00adpres\u00adsions d\u2019une dif\u00adfi\u00adcul\u00adt\u00e9 essen\u00adtielle qui appa\u00adra\u00eet aux ori\u00adgines m\u00eames de l\u2019in\u00addi\u00advi\u00addua\u00adlisme au XVIIe si\u00e8cle : celui-ci est en effet l\u2019af\u00adfir\u00adma\u00adtion d\u2019une pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9, il est essen\u00adtiel\u00adle\u00adment pos\u00adses\u00adsif. Nous d\u00e9si\u00adgnons ain\u00adsi la ten\u00addance \u00e0 consi\u00add\u00e9\u00adrer que l\u2019in\u00addi\u00advi\u00addu n\u2019est nul\u00adle\u00adment rede\u00advable \u00e0 la soci\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9 de sa propre per\u00adsonne ou de ses capa\u00adci\u00adt\u00e9s, dont il est au contraire, par essence, le pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adtaire exclu\u00adsif. \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, l\u2019in\u00addi\u00advi\u00addu n\u2019est con\u00e7u ni comme un tout moral, ni comme la par\u00adtie d\u2019un tout social qui le d\u00e9passe, mais comme son propre pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adtaire. C\u2019est dire qu\u2019on attri\u00adbue r\u00e9tros\u00adpec\u00adti\u00adve\u00adment \u00e0 la nature de l\u2019in\u00addi\u00advi\u00addu les rap\u00adports de pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9 qui avaient alors pris une impor\u00adtance d\u00e9ci\u00adsive pour un nombre gran\u00addis\u00adsant de per\u00adsonnes, dont ils d\u00e9ter\u00admi\u00adnaient concr\u00e8\u00adte\u00adment la liber\u00adt\u00e9, l\u2019es\u00adpoir de se r\u00e9a\u00adli\u00adser plei\u00adne\u00adment. L\u2019individu, pense-t-on, n\u2019est libre que dans la mesure o\u00f9 il est pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adtaire de sa per\u00adsonne et de ses capa\u00adci\u00adt\u00e9s. Or, l\u2019es\u00adsence de l\u2019homme, c\u2019est d\u2019\u00eatre libre, ind\u00e9\u00adpen\u00addant de la volon\u00adt\u00e9 d\u2019au\u00adtrui, et cette liber\u00adt\u00e9 est fonc\u00adtion de ce qu\u2019il pos\u00ads\u00e8de. Dans cette pers\u00adpec\u00adtive, la soci\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9 se r\u00e9duit \u00e0 un ensemble d\u2019in\u00addi\u00advi\u00addus libres et \u00e9gaux, li\u00e9s les uns aux autres en tant que pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adtaires de leurs capa\u00adci\u00adt\u00e9s et de ce que l\u2019exer\u00adcice de celles-ci leur a per\u00admis d\u2019ac\u00adqu\u00e9\u00adrir, bref, \u00e0 des rap\u00adports d\u2019\u00e9\u00adchange entre pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adtaires. Quant \u00e0 la soci\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9 poli\u00adtique, elle n\u2019est qu\u2019un arti\u00adfice des\u00adti\u00adn\u00e9 \u00e0 pro\u00adt\u00e9\u00adger cette pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9 et \u00e0 main\u00adte\u00adnir l\u2019ordre dans les rap\u00adports d\u2019\u00e9change.<\/p>\n

\n[T]he dif\u00adfi\u00adcul\u00adties of modern libe\u00adral-demo\u00adcra\u00adtic theo\u00adry lie dee\u00adper than had been thought, that the ori\u00adgi\u00adnal seventeenth\u00ad cen\u00adtu\u00adry indi\u00advi\u00addua\u00adlism contai\u00adned the cen\u00adtral dif\u00adfi\u00adcul\u00adty, which lay in its pos\u00adses\u00adsive qua\u00adli\u00adty. Its pos\u00adses\u00adsive qua\u00adli\u00adty is found in its concep\u00adtion of the indi\u00advi\u00addual as essen\u00adtial\u00adly the pro\u00adprie\u00adtor of his own per\u00adson or capa\u00adci\u00adties, owing nothing to socie\u00adty for them. The indi\u00advi\u00addual was seen nei\u00adther as a moral whole, nor as part of a lar\u00adger social whole, but as an owner of him\u00ad self. The rela\u00adtion of owner\u00adship, having become for more and more men the cri\u00adti\u00adcal\u00adly impor\u00adtant rela\u00adtion deter\u00admi\u00adning their actual free\u00addom and actual pros\u00adpect of rea\u00adli\u00adzing their full poten\u00adtia\u00adli\u00adties, was read back into the nature of the indi\u00advi\u00addual. The indi\u00advi\u00addual, it was thought, is free inas\u00admuch as he is pro\u00adprie\u00adtor of his per\u00adson and capa\u00adci\u00adties. The human essence is free\u00addom from depen\u00addence on the wills of-others, and free\u00addom is a func\u00adtion of pos\u00adses\u00adsion. Society becomes a lot of free equal indi\u00advi\u00adduals rela\u00adted to each other as pro\u00adprietors of their own capa\u00adci\u00adties and of what they have acqui\u00adred by their exer\u00adcise. Society consists of rela\u00adtions of exchange bet\u00adween pro\u00adprie\u00adtors. Political socie\u00adty becomes a cal\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adted device for the pro\u00adtec\u00adtion of this pro\u00adper\u00adty and for the main\u00adte\u00adnance of an order\u00adly rela\u00adtion of exchange.\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les pro\u00adbl\u00e8mes que sou\u00adl\u00e8ve la th\u00e9o\u00adrie moderne de la d\u00e9mo\u00adcra\u00adtie lib\u00e9\u00adrale sont, nous le ver\u00adrons, plus fon\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtaux qu\u2019on ne l\u2019a cru. Il nous est appa\u00adru qu\u2019ils ne sont qu\u2019au\u00adtant d\u2019ex\u00adpres\u00adsions d\u2019une dif\u00adfi\u00adcul\u00adt\u00e9 essen\u00adtielle qui appa\u00adra\u00eet aux ori\u00adgines m\u00eames de l\u2019in\u00addi\u00advi\u00addua\u00adlisme au XVIIe si\u00e8cle : celui-ci est en effet l\u2019af\u00adfir\u00adma\u00adtion d\u2019une pro\u00adpri\u00e9\u00adt\u00e9, il est essen\u00adtiel\u00adle\u00adment pos\u00adses\u00adsif. Nous [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"quote","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[244,547,930,3034,936,1573,1511],"class_list":["post-21621","post","type-post","status-publish","format-quote","hentry","category-non-classe","tag-capitalisme","tag-democratie","tag-individu","tag-individualisme","tag-liberalisme","tag-marche","tag-propriete","post_format-post-format-quote"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21621","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=21621"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21621\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21629,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21621\/revisions\/21629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=21621"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=21621"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testanonpertinente.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=21621"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}