Or : remember, G. S.
begins « Making of Americans »
With a quote From Nicomachus” father –
With patient father and angry son –
That she said,
« How can you know
More than you do know
And we are still in the shadow
of explanation, »
Add to her insight (« in all periods before
Things had been said
But never explained.
So then they began to explain »)
Long before « before »
Too, they had explained a long time.
Lu
« Tous les animaux, suivant l’opinion la
plus vraisemblable et la plus reçue,
naissent dans les œufs,
et ils y demeurent enfermés, en abrégé
jusqu’à ce que la semence mâle ait pénétré
leur enveloppe, et les ait étendus
suffisamment
pour les faire éclore ; alors il entre
dans leurs vaisseaux des sucs,
qui étant poussés par les esprits,
circulent,
par toute l’habitude de ces petits corps,
les nourrissent et les dilatent peu à peu ;
c’est ce qui fait leur accroissement.
Cette circulation réitérée par un grand nombre de
fois, rend ces sucs nourriciers tellement
raréfiés et atténués,
qu’elle leur fait acquérir
une couleur rouge,
et les convertit en ce que l’on appelle le sang. »
LEMERY, de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, Docteur en médecine.
Dictionnaire universel des drogues Simples.
M.DCC.LX.
Décrivant un de ces recueils de questions disputées à l’université de Paris à la fin du XIIIe siècle, B. Hauréau estimait (en 1896) qu’il ne pouvait « énoncer » le titre de certaines « même en latin » – P. Duhem ajoutant : « Encore le titre de la question, bien souvent, donne-t-il à peine un avant-goût de la grossière obscénité avec laquelle elle est discutée » (Le Système du monde [1re éd., 1913], Paris, Hermann, 1973, t. VI, p. 540). Il ne faut cependant pas tout confondre. La question sur les limites de l’omniscience divine (Dieu pourrait-il savoir plus de choses qu’il n’en sait ?) est une question de théologie spéculative, issue des Sentences de Pierre Lombard, qui appelle un certain nombre de décisions philosophiques sur l’infini, la différence entre savoir et connaître, le statut épistémologique de la prescience – toutes questions auxquelles les réponses d’un Ockham (Ordinatio, distinction 39) confèrent, à elles seules, une légitimité conceptuelle. Ce que Duhem appelle une « philosophie de pourceaux » couvre, en revanche, un autre type de questions : les questions quodlibétales consacrées à des sujets « médicaux » (généralement tirés des écrits d’Aristote Sur les animaux) – autre domaine, autre légitimité. C’est le cas du ms. Paris, Nat. lat. 16089, dont parle Hauréau, ou du ms. Todi, Biblioteca communale 54 : malgré la licence accordée au quodlibet (ce qu’on appellerait aujourd’hui le « n’importe quoi »), ces questions ont leur logique. Le ms. de Todi, f° 57va‑b, par exemple, contient deux séries de problèmes : la première (A) commandée par comment et d’où viennent les cheveux ?, la seconde (B) par pourquoi les femmes n’ont-elles pas de barbe ? Cette logique du poil (où s’origine peut-être l’expression « couper les cheveux en quatre ») est une logique du vivant qui suit un strict programme naturaliste et aristotélicien : (A) pourquoi les cheveux sont-ils ronds ? Pourquoi les poils ne cessent-ils jamais de pousser ? pourquoi poussent-ils droit ? Pourquoi ont-ils diverses couleurs ? Pourquoi devient-on chauve et pourquoi davantage sur la partie antérieure du crâne ? Pourquoi les cheveux de certains blanchissent-ils avec l’âge ? Pourquoi certains ont-ils les tempes grisonnantes dès l’adolescence ? Que signifie la quantité des poils formant les sourcils ? et leur qualité ? (B) Pourquoi les femmes ont-elles plus d’appétit sexuel après une maternité qu’avant ? Pourquoi ont-elles des règles et pas les hommes ? Avec quoi nourrissent-elles les enfants qu’elles portent dans l’utérus ? Quels sont les moyens anticonceptionnels ? sont-ils nombreux ? Pourquoi un homme qui couche avec un lépreux attrape-t-il la lèpre mais pas une femme ? Pourquoi un enfant né au huitième mois ne peut-il vivre alors qu’un enfant né au septième ou au neuvième le peut ? Par quel orifice sortent les menstrues ?… Le même intérêt pour les capacités sexuelles des mères de famille, voire un intérêt pour la sexualité tout court, se retrouve dans le ms. 16089 de Paris : Tous les spermes sont-ils blancs ? Une putain peut-elle devenir mère ? Les hommes roux sont-ils fidèles ? Les cheveux blancs sont-ils un signe de luxure ? Peut-on émettre du sperme en dormant ? Est-il opportun qu’un idiot prenne femme ? Un homme au sexe bifide peut-il engendrer ? Une femme enceinte prend-elle plus de plaisir en faisant l’amour ? La pudeur est-elle indispensable à la reproduction ?… Vient enfin la vraie question, qui n’eût pas déparé Le Nom de la rose et qui donne son plein éclairage à ce filet de curiosité : les sages doivent-ils rire davantage que les idiots ?
La situation hégémonique des armateurs de Phocée les poussa à la démesure, tant qu’ils évoluaient du médiocre commerce intérieur vers l’acquisition de marchandises venues d’univers nouveaux, leur personnalité s’était modifiée, ils avaient entre leurs mains la chose la plus précieuse, jadis monopole des rois, le métal, et celui qui le gérait avait les moyens de dominer l’État. Mais plus leurs sources s’avéraient inépuisables, plus il s’attachaient à souligner la grâce que leur réservaient les dieux. Eux qui ne faisaient aucun cadeau se vantaient des dons que leur avaient faits les dieux. D’avoir pour guides les divinités les encouragea peut-être au début, mais plus les richesses se concrétisaient, devenaient chiffrables, plus ils surent apprécier matériellement les forces liées au pouvoir, le sublime fut subordonné à leur sens pratique, pour finir ils s’associèrent aux divinités uniquement sur les pièces de monnaie sur lesquelles ils firent graver leur portrait. C’était l’aboutissement parfait de la parabole sur la transmission de la toute-puissance, celui qui possédait les monnaies était également le représentant de la volonté divine. On pouvait désormais déterminer avec précision le niveau des faveurs accordées, la notion de divinité se convertissait en or, en argent, se pesait, rassemblée dans des bourses, des sacs, des coffres-forts. Sachant que les biens ne revenaient pas aux démons mais à ceux qui s’en étaient emparés par la force, en répandant la terreur, et sachant aussi que la magie appartenait encore au royaume des esprits, ils associèrent le concret aux mystères de l’insondable. Si bien qu’à la naissance de l’économie monétaire restèrent liées la croyance au sacré, la vénération des donateurs invisibles – détournant ainsi l’attention du principe de l’exploitation et de l’oppression. Le capitalisme vint des temples, consacré par les formules magiques et les flammes des sacrifices. Les plus célèbres représentations des créatures de l’Olympe ne furent réalisées qu’après la création des banques, le début des spéculations mondiales : jusqu’à nos jours ce furent Athéna et Zeus qui présidèrent les conseils d’administration.
rolling in off the sea
for the first time
no kind of emotion
waiting around
despite tinted eyeglasses
his muscular hindquarters
didn’t fit
the leather seat
keeping him glowing
to heat the room
would accelerate decay
worshipping the wrong god
when they started
dying wasn’t so much
after a little combing
and the max ration
there were no abstentions
from darkness to darkness
against the rectangular opening
in the deserted street a
slip of paper
gripped my hand
but the wide swathe around it
could only come from a wet brain
punched into the snow
as consciousness came back
there was a couch
a substitute body of mine
Consider the category of desire that is the desire to make a stony expression break. Think of those humans who are attractive for the primary reason of how the presentation of their face and body is impenetrable or brooding or fierce or impassive with brooding fierceness. This category of desire is simple, slightly mechanistic : to penetrate the brooding, fierce, impassive, impenetrable presentation.
There are several ways to make a stony expression break. These include to enrage, to surprise, to humiliate, to sadden, and to give pleasure. The experts at impassive expression, however, are not so vulnerable to sadness, rage, or humiliation : it is precisely these expressions that they have practiced steel looks against over many years, testing their own faces always against their own afflictions. For every affliction they endure they might think « And how may I use this affliction to sharpen my appearance of impassivity ? » For what, they conclude, is a humiliation if the humiliator does not succeed in casting down the eyes downward ? And what is sadness with no tears ? Or rage with no flashing eyes ? Those humans who are attractive for the primary reason of the impenetrable presentation of their face are attractive for the rigor with which they self-cultivate their impenetrability. The experts at facial impassivity are the hard scientists of themselves.
Surprise, while effective at making the unbroken expression break, is difficult to achieve in this population. It takes practiced unpredictability to surprise the expert of the unrelentingly unmoved face. The surprised look, however, is a moment of intense satisfaction for those who have the occasion to witness it. In a stony face surprise is something like a rock slide––or if an exceptional example, as if a cliff face falls––and revealed by this fall is an entirely new landscape of unimaginable charm and elasticity, one that practically bounds with itself : meadows, flowers, small animals, clear lakes ruffled by soft breezes.
Of all the reasons to test against a hard face, to watch it express its own pleasure is the most compelling. Emily Dickinson described it : « It is a Vesuvian face. Had let its pleasure through. » It is no mistake that Dickinson imagined the « pleasure through » to be of the kind that could eviscerate cities. This expression of pleasure, when let through this kind of face, has no small effect : it is exactly, too, like Dickinson suggests in the same poem, the firing of a gun : whatever is a not-nothing is the not-nothing of this event, which is really undeniably something, like any form of explosion. To achieve a look of pleasure in a face which has practiced itself against expressing open delight is always an historic accomplishment in the history of desires and faces.
This desire––to delight the undelighted face––can compel an ambitious person to attempt to cause another pleasure for years. « Might I break open their face with pleasure ? » the ambitious appreciator of undoing impassive face asks, and failing, tries again, and failing, tries again, employing every weapon in the arsenal of interpersonal pleasures, until one day, if they are lucky, the pleasure in the unpleased face is revealed.
When the pleasure arrives (as if a gun shot, volcano, dynamited urban structure, star which has imploded) it is unsurprising if an entire city must be devastated into a monument of that very moment, all things frozen under ash, lovers curled together, infants in mothers’ arms, bathers eternally in baths––all necessarily sacrificed to memorialize a moment when she or he or they who often appears beyond pleasure displays, in his or her or their face, a look of it.
to effect a number of rapid changes on an already rapidly changing face
The impassive face has its rival : the face that can never hold still. The face is kinetic, elastic, morphologically indistinct, blooming like fractals, the curse of digital photographers and bio-informationists who must try to fix, in data, what is in its very form unfixable. This face provides an onrush of information which comes so quickly it almost evades processing : this face is prolific, a human comedy of feeling––any one hour of reading this face means one can read a Balzac’s worth of novels, also witness a projected record of the generic legacy of the human race (and beyond that, the pre-human ones), also witness an ardent record of feeling in a bathetic leaping from the grotesque to the precious to the sublime and whatever chimerical expression of feeling results from quick leaps from one feeling to the next : the grotesque-delicate, the thoughtful-enraged, the distracted-amused.
These are the faces, which, like the avant-garde literature, must at once create their own texts and their own theories of reading them. For what are these faces without a unique critical infrastructure newly invented to interpret them ? These are the faces easily mistaken for noise, like the sounds of traffic outside the window, so relentless it soon becomes what you can’t hear.
The highly sensitive flashing of these eyes might appear, without sufficiently developed methods of reading, random, aleatory, chaotic. At their extreme, and like any complex thing, such rapidly flashing and elastic and rapidly expressing faces might be mistaken for disorganized.
When they arrive without theory, these faces are a delight to those enthralled with enlightenment methods, who need a lot of things to categorize, who like to impose order, who are besot, like Fourier’s children, with the passion to sort small things into useful piles1. Not accidently, these faces are also of delight to sadists, those sub-sub-enlightenmentarians, who also never forget to bring with them a scalpel. For what could be of more delight to a sadist than a face that in a few minutes can write a dozen very clear books about exquisite and surprising varieties of pain ?
to resolve a face’s contradictions
Do not forget the face that looks like its opposite : the face of a cherubic CEO, or a villainous and sometimes demonic face on a person who it virtuous, or a languid face on a firebrand, or an angry face on a person who is mostly indifferent, or a stupid face on a very bright person, or an ugly face on en attractive person, or some combination of the above––a villainous stupid face on a bright and virtuous person, an ugly cherubic face on a sexy CEO. These faces present those who look upon them with a challenge of interpretation : should you believe the face, or should you believe the condition of personality under the face ? Or, if there is a third option, is any manner of belief about the face only in fact belief about a condition in which the face is opposite to itself ?
These faces are of particular desirability to the suspicious, like Platonists, or fans of the idea of false consciousness, or admirers of Freu. Such a desire-er of faces might want to wash off the accumulation of misleading fleshy evidence that is a person’s face, so as to reveal whatever kind of truer, demystified thing exists under it.
Similarly, these faces attract the humans who like to be righters of wrongs, fighters against injustices, exposers of truths, and seekers of remedies. If I am a mirror enough, the exposer of truth thinks to herself (making her habitual error of thought), the face itself will transform in response to the veracity of my reflection : what is virtuous, if I reflect it, will soon appear with virtue, what is evil will be revealed !
But among the reformers who like these faces, there is another sort of person who might gaze upon these faces with a different interest. These are the rough dialecticians, always looking for the contradiction. How interesting, they think, and what could it mean for history, that a face is wrong for itself in a time in which all is also so wrong. The animals sit forlorn or ride subways in city centers. The water has become poison. The old behave like the young, and the young are too worried to move. Pilotless weapons have the name of birds, so why shouldn’t faces, also, lead away from the facts ? To the lovers of the contradiction, these faces are a perfect account of our time : the poetry of the wrong.
I have often thought that the faces do not reveal the person but rather the conditions in which all things are the opposite of what they appear to be would become most interesting in a death mask. With the personality gone, would the face that was always untrue finally be made the truth ? And what do we do with a contradiction when its only resolution is that half the facts are removed ?
- Fourier believed that the perfect work for very young children was sorting peas : « The thing to be done is to separate the smallest peas for the sweetened ragout, the medium ones for the bacon ragout, and the largest for the soup. The child of thirty-five months first selects the little ones which are the most difficult to pick out ; she sends all the large and medium ones to the next hollow, where the child of thirty months shoves those that seem large to the third hollow, returns the little ones to the first, and drops the medium grains into the basket. The infant of twenty-five months, placed at the third hollow, has an easy task ; he returns some medium grains to the second, and gathers the large ones into his basket. » ↩
It isn’t just that it wasn’t, going unchallenged
or on the level of a line : it was that each one
was from the soul, which was not quite wrenched
which is why discourse is so important
& why I had trouble on my hands.
So which which why why may be unpleasant
much less comforting than bomb bomb thrust thrust
after between & before lesiure which moved me not
that my voice neither my touch neither that
nor my ear led me to your ready persecutors
but that you hammered, and increasingly so,
gathering detractors & detesters to spit & threaten
that you could not take another point of view
that you still return to shout your accusations
into my reverie already troubled ear.
For why cannot you admit that your corruption
was inescapable & that I was not the surrenderable sort
who could so lightly without thought
take your dictum as my obligation
take your force as just, without fear, without condescension ?
Soft, soft, the languish shocked
terrible pitted think & lost
city swtiched semiotic drink
rigid through pale tube, pallor
of the jaundiced eye, soft swum
cinnamon, soft, the languished
suck, a wind bobbing in beauty
drizzled by terrible patterning
institute Taste, rowed behind
closed streets, dark camouflage
on the flanks of the swam,
retreated, untoi sip, heading on
the camps glowing, energetic magpies
perch between parading for food
beneath the arching cave-lamps
soft, soft, the languish shocked
by an empty series of neutral doorways
once again there, oblivious,
regulation parlour, containable situations,
flicks through manual, pincer on number
appropriate, approximate, checks time.
144. L’hypocondrie est une maladie très extraordinaire. Il y a la petite hypocondrie et la noble. C’est à partir de là qu’il faut essayer d’entrer de force dans l’âme. (D’autres maladies mentales.)
369. L’hypocondrie fraye la voie à la connaissance de soi quant au corps, à la maîtrise de soi, l’auto-domination et l’auto-vivification.
393. Hypocondrie absolue. Il faudra que l’hypocondrie devienne un art, une pédagogie.
484. L’hypocondrie est une imagination pathologisante, attachée à la foi en la réalité de ses productions, de ses phantasmes.
Hypochondrie ist eine sehr merckwürdige Kranckheit. Es giebt eine kleine und eine erhabene Hypochondrie. Von hier aus muß man in die Seele einzudringen suchen. (Übrige Gemüthskranckheiten.)
Die Hypochondrie bahnt den Weg zur körperlichen Selbstkenntniß — Selbstbeherrschung — Selbstlebung.
Absolute Hypochondrie – Hypochondrie muß eine Kunst werden — oder Erziehung werden.