In 2011, science jour­na­list Laurie Garrett wrote on the “alar­ming regu­la­ri­ty” of acci­dents in bio­sa­fe­ty labs around the world. The acci­dents are as much a mat­ter of num­bers as any one lab’s poor safe­ty record. A 2013 Princeton University stu­dy sho­wed an increa­sing glo­bal popu­la­tion expo­sed to the risk of acci­dents from bio­sa­fe­ty labo­ra­to­ries pur­suing stu­dies of some of the world’s most dan­ge­rous diseases.

The stu­dy, conduc­ted by health geo­gra­pher Thomas Van Boeckel and col­leagues, sho­wed the popu­la­tion living within the com­mu­ting field of BSL‑4 labs increa­sed by a fac­tor of four from 1990 to 2012. The fields sum­med toge­ther encap­su­late near­ly 2 percent of the world’s popu­la­tion. Any escape infec­tion could poten­tial­ly seed an out­break able to hop upon the glo­bal tra­vel net­work to infect the rest of the world in short order. Since 9/11, thou­sands of new BSL‑3 and ‑4 labs have been built for stu­dying patho­gens. The team noted a par­ti­cu­lar surge in Asia, des­cri­bing, among others, new labs in Taiwan, Singapore, Pune, Bhopal, and, lis­ted in the appen­dix, Wuhan.

The lab bubble appears to have ari­sen out of a com­bi­na­tion of legi­ti­mate concerns about emergent infec­tious diseases, the return of “res­pec­table” bio­war­fare research, the ideo­lo­gi­cal demands of the War on Terror, and the next ite­ra­tion in Keynesian mili­ta­ry eco­no­my. The sum effect includes pro­du­cing the very threat of out­break the labs were osten­si­bly set up to stop. Expanding such labs in num­ber and geo­gra­phic extent bends rare events like viral escape toward inevi­ta­bi­li­ty. The labs represent a poli­ti­cal logis­tics fol­ding in cal­cu­la­ted dan­gers that science pro­pa­gan­da spins away as so much conspi­ra­cy theory.

In 2004 alone, four sepa­rate SARS escapes were repor­ted _out of the Chinese National Institute of Virology in Beijing. In 2018, the Wuhan Institute of Virology used a “less viru­lent” SARS strain to test lab disin­fec­tants. Are we going to pre­tend such things don’t happen ?

You can find a dos­sier that an ano­ny­mous group of self-iden­ti­fied resear­chers put toge­ther in favor of the lab acci­dent theo­ry here. I find some of its infe­rences and cri­ti­cism on tar­get and others unconvincing.

[…]

So, what is the Solomonic choice here ? All the conten­ding parties—the United States and Chinese govern­ments, the EcoHealth Alliance, scien­tists, and conspi­ra­cy theo­rists alike—can piss off. Because they told us all to do so our­selves and are attemp­ting to dump res­pon­si­bi­li­ty on each other, let­ting the whole gang escape. Allowing such hubris to conti­nue to run amok would be an act of self-des­truc­tion beyond the COVID pan­de­mic and what cli­mate change alrea­dy has in store for us.

[…]

Philosopher Alain Badiou writes of libe­ral parliamentarianism’s neo-Kantian oppo­si­tion of truth and opi­nion. In the spec­tacle of debate, we are allo­wed to struggle over opi­nion, the core of the extreme center’s poli­tics, but truth is never up for grabs, we’re told. It’s ins­tead locked away in jour­nals and think tanks that the state and phi­lan­thro­ca­pi­ta­lists own. And the plebs—left cou­ghing on their couches, not from ritual fire but a virus, their pains and sor­rows untrue because these are care­ful­ly left undocumented—are never allo­wed access to the offi­cial sto­ry as a mat­ter of first principle.

Consciously or not, by devious intent or the best of inten­tions, in accep­ting what appear dia­me­tri­cal­ly oppo­sed pre­mises that in actua­li­ty are scat­te­red toge­ther around the dic­tates of capi­tal and the impe­rial states that serve it, the various fac­tions of power—money, poli­ti­cal class, the latest in colo­nial medicine—all back some ver­sion of expro­pria­tion or empire buil­ding that regu­lar­ly spring dead­ly diseases. By this sea­son, Midvinter 2019, that Great Game fini­shed off a drag race of pro­to­pan­de­mic SARS across lab and field alike.

One strain of the many still cir­cu­la­ting got out. I’m bet­ting this round that pan­de­mic SARS emer­ged along the increa­sin­gly indus­tria­li­zed wild ani­mal com­mo­di­ty chain from hin­ter­lands and bor­der towns as far south and west as Yunnan. On the last leg of its domes­tic tour, the virus made its way to Wuhan by truck or plane and then the world.

,
« Midvinter-19 »
,
Patreon
, , repris dans R. G. Wallace, Dead epi­de­mio­lo­gists. On the ori­gins of COVID-19, Monthly Review Press, oct. 2020

J : There’s been a rumor of a bio­lo­gi­cal trade war bet­ween the United States and China. It has gai­ned momen­tum after dis­pu­ted social media talks on U.S. patents, articles publi­shed in Granma and mutual accu­sa­tions of the Chinese Foreign Minister and CIA agents against each other. How do you see this circus ?

RW : Such utter­ly unfoun­ded accu­sa­tions are part and par­cel of what I call pan­de­mic thea­ter. The efforts we just tal­ked of to control popu­la­tions within-coun­try are riva­led only by attempts to pin blame for the present pan­de­mic and its socioe­co­no­mic rami­fi­ca­tions upon other coun­tries. These are all modern updates on cal­ling diseases after an inter­na­tio­nal ene­my, now spun into vast, unsub­stan­tia­ted conspi­ra­to­rial theo­ries aimed at fast-tal­king debun­kers into exhaus­tion. What were pre­vious­ly sim­pli­fied into piquant aliases, such as the Spanish flu or the French disease, are now wound into sto­ries about Wuhan labs or bio­war­fare gone amok.

Much as for UFOlogy—space sau­cers, aliens, and the like—perpetrators of such frauds and their dupes are see­king a means by which to avoid gras­ping the mate­rial roots by which capi­tal-led modes of pro­duc­tion are increa­sing our vul­ne­ra­bi­li­ties to the emer­gence of mul­tiple patho­gens of pan­de­mic or near-pan­de­mic capa­ci­ty. We’ve seen in rapid suc­ces­sion, upon defo­res­ta­tion and deve­lop­ment, H5N1, SARS‑1, H1N1 (2009), MERS, H7N9, Ebola Makona, Zika, African swine fever, and now SARS‑2 exit out of mar­gi­na­li­zed wild reser­voirs across poul­try and live­stock and into human popu­la­tions. Blaming an ene­my allows rulers to avoid having to blame them­selves for the sud­den surge in mul­tiple dead­ly diseases.

,
« Internationalism Must Sweep Away Globalization » [2020]
,
Jabardakhal
, repris dans R. G. Wallace, Dead epi­de­mio­lo­gists. On the ori­gins of COVID-19, Monthly Review Press, oct. 2020

To avoid the worst out­comes here on out, disa­lie­na­tion offers the next great human tran­si­tion : aban­do­ning set­tler ideo­lo­gies, rein­tro­du­cing huma­ni­ty back into Earth’s cycles of rege­ne­ra­tion, and redis­co­ve­ring our sense of indi­vi­dua­tion in mul­ti­tudes beyond capi­tal and the state. However, eco­no­mism, the belief that all causes are eco­no­mic alone, will not be libe­ra­tion enough. Global capi­ta­lism is a many-hea­ded hydra, appro­pria­ting, inter­na­li­zing, and orde­ring mul­tiple layers of social rela­tion. Capitalism ope­rates across com­plex and inter­lin­ked ter­rains of race, class, and gen­der in the course of actua­li­zing regio­nal value regimes place to place.

At the risk of accep­ting the pre­cepts of what his­to­rian Donna Haraway dis­mis­sed as sal­va­tion history—“Can we defuse the bomb in time?”—disalienation must dis­mantle these mul­ti­fold hie­rar­chies of oppres­sion and the locale-spe­ci­fic ways they inter­act with accu­mu­la­tion. Along the way, we must navi­gate out of capital’s expan­sive reap­pro­pria­tions across pro­duc­tive, social, and sym­bo­lic mate­ria­lisms. That is, out of what sums up to a tota­li­ta­ria­nism. Capitalism com­mo­di­fies everything—Mars explo­ra­tion here, sleep there, lithium lagoons, ven­ti­la­tor repair, even sus­tai­na­bi­li­ty itself, and on and on—these many per­mu­ta­tions are found well beyond the fac­to­ry and farm. All the ways near­ly eve­ryone eve­ryw­here is sub­jec­ted to the mar­ket, which during a time like this is increa­sin­gly anthro­po­mor­phi­zed by poli­ti­cians, could not be clearer.

In short, a suc­cess­ful inter­ven­tion kee­ping any one of the many patho­gens queuing up across the agroe­co­no­mic cir­cuit from killing a bil­lion people must walk through the door of a glo­bal clash with capi­tal and its local repre­sen­ta­tives, howe­ver much any indi­vi­dual foot sol­dier of the bour­geoi­sie, Glen among them, attempts to miti­gate the damage. As our research group des­cribes in some of our latest work, agri­bu­si­ness is at war with public health. And public health is losing.

Should, howe­ver, grea­ter huma­ni­ty win such a gene­ra­tio­nal conflict, we can replug our­selves back into a pla­ne­ta­ry meta­bo­lism that, howe­ver dif­fe­rent­ly expres­sed place to place, recon­nects our eco­lo­gies and our eco­no­mies. Such ideals are more than mat­ters of the uto­pian. In doing so, we converge on imme­diate solu­tions. We pro­tect the forest com­plexi­ty that keeps dead­ly patho­gens from lining up hosts for a straight shot onto the world’s tra­vel net­work. We rein­tro­duce the live­stock and crop diver­si­ties, and rein­te­grate ani­mal and crop far­ming at scales that keep patho­gens from ram­ping up in viru­lence and geo­gra­phic extent. We allow our food ani­mals to repro­duce onsite, res­tar­ting the natu­ral selec­tion that allows immune evo­lu­tion to track patho­gens in real time. Big pic­ture, we stop trea­ting nature and com­mu­ni­ty, so full of all we need to sur­vive, as just ano­ther com­pe­ti­tor to be run off by the market.

The way out is nothing short of bir­thing a world—or per­haps more along the lines of retur­ning back to Earth. It will also help solve—sleeves rol­led up—many of our most pres­sing pro­blems. None of us stuck in our living rooms from New York to Beijing, or, worse, mour­ning our dead, want to go through such an out­break again. Yes, infec­tious diseases, for most of human his­to­ry our grea­test source of pre­ma­ture mor­ta­li­ty, will remain a threat. But given the bes­tia­ry of patho­gens now in cir­cu­la­tion, the worst spilling over now almost annual­ly, we are like­ly facing ano­ther dead­ly pan­de­mic in far shor­ter time than the hun­dred-year lull since 8. Can we fun­da­men­tal­ly adjust the modes by which we appro­priate nature and arrive at more of a truce with these infections ?

,
« COVID-19 and Circuits of Capital »
,
Monthly review
, , repris dans R. G. Wallace, Dead epi­de­mio­lo­gists. On the ori­gins of COVID-19, Monthly Review Press, oct. 2020

Dogs, howe­ver, can­not, under nor­mal cir­cum­stances, unders­tand the full range of human speech. As I indi­ca­ted above, if people want dogs to unders­tand them, they must give dogs hal­lu­ci­no­ge­nic drugs. That is, the Runa must make their dogs into sha­mans so that they can tra­verse the onto­lo­gi­cal boun­da­ries that sepa­rate them from humans

,
« How dogs dream : Amazonian natures and the poli­tics of transs­pe­cies engagement »
,
vol. 34
,
American Ethnologist
, ,
p. 13

That after­noon, back at the house, Ameriga, Hilario’s wife, won­de­red aloud why the dogs were unable to augur their own deaths and, by exten­sion, why she, their mas­ter, was caught una­ware of the fate that would befall them : “While I was by the fire, they didn’t dream,” she said. “They just slept, those dogs, and they’re usual­ly real drea­mers. Normally while slee­ping by the fire they’ll bark ‘hua hua hua.’” Dogs, I lear­ned, dream, and, by obser­ving them as they dream, people can know what their dreams mean. If, as Ameriga imi­ta­ted, the dogs had bar­ked “hua hua” in their sleep, it would ´ have indi­ca­ted that they were drea­ming of cha­sing ani­mals, and they would, the­re­fore, have done the same in the forest the fol­lo­wing day, for this is how a dog barks when pur­suing game. If, by contrast, they had bar­ked “cuai” that night, it would have been a sure signal that a jaguar would kill them the fol­lo­wing day, for this is how dogs cry out when atta­cked by felines.

,
« How dogs dream : Amazonian natures and the poli­tics of transs­pe­cies engagement »
,
vol. 34
,
American Ethnologist
, ,
p. 3

Il y a une tren­taine d’années, un Noir du plus beau teint, en plein coït avec une blonde « incen­diaire », au moment de l’orgasme s’écria : « Vive Schœlcher ! » Quand on sau­ra que Schœlcher est celui qui a fait adop­ter par la IIIe République le décret d’abolition de l’esclavage, on com­pren­dra qu’il faille s’appesantir quelque peu sur les rela­tions pos­sibles entre le Noir et la Blanche.

On nous objec­te­ra que cette anec­dote n’est pas authen­tique ; mais le fait qu’elle ait pu prendre corps et se main­te­nir à tra­vers les âges est un indice : il ne trompe pas. C’est que cette anec­dote agite un conflit expli­cite ou latent, mais réel. Sa per­ma­nence sou­ligne l’adhésion du monde noir. Autrement dit, quand une his­toire se main­tient au sein du folk­lore, c’est qu’elle exprime en quelque façon une région de « l’âme locale ».

Le sou­rire du Noir, le grin, semble avoir rete­nu l’attention de beau­coup d’écrivains. Voici ce qu’en dit Bernard Wolfe : « Nous nous plai­sons à repré­sen­ter le Noir sou­riant de toutes ses dents à notre adresse. Et son sou­rire, tel que nous le voyons, — tel que nous le créons, — tou­jours signi­fie un don… »

Dons sans fin, tout au long des affiches, des écrans de ciné­ma, des éti­quettes de pro­duits ali­men­taires… Le Noir donne à Madame les nou­velles « teintes créole sombre » pour ses purs nylons, grâce à la mai­son de Vigny, ses fla­cons « gro­tesques », « tor­tillés », d’eau de Cologne de Golliwogg et de par­fums. Cirage des chaus­sures, linge blanc comme neige, cou­chettes basses, confor­tables, trans­port rapide des bagages ; jazz jit­ter­bug, jive, comé­dies, et les contes mer­veilleux de Brer Rabbitt (Frère Lapin) pour la joie des tout-petits. Le ser­vice avec le sou­rire tou­jours… « Les Noirs, écrit un anthro­po­lo­giste (a), sont main­te­nus dans leur atti­tude obsé­quieuse par les sanc­tions extrêmes de la crainte et de la force, et ceci est bien connu des Blancs et des Noirs tout à la fois. Néanmoins les Blancs exigent que les Noirs se montrent sou­riants, empres­sés et ami­caux dans tous leurs rap­ports avec eux… » (« L’oncle Rémus et son lapin », Bernard Wolfe, Les Temps Modernes, n°43, p. 888)

Dans un ordre plus par­ti­cu­lier, quand à Paris des étu­diants antillais se ren­contrent, deux pos­si­bi­li­tés s’offrent à eux :

  • ou sou­te­nir le monde blanc, c’est-à-dire le véri­table monde, et, le fran­çais alors employé, il leur demeure pos­sible d’envisager quelques pro­blèmes et de tendre dans leurs conclu­sions à un cer­tain degré d’universalisme ;
  • ou reje­ter l’Europe, « Yo », et se rejoindre par le patois, en s’installant bien confor­ta­ble­ment dans ce que nous appel­le­rons l’umwelt mar­ti­ni­quais ; nous vou­lons dire par là — et cela s’adresse sur­tout à nos frères antillais — que lorsqu’un de nos cama­rades, à Paris ou dans quelque autre ville de Facultés, s’essaie à consi­dé­rer sérieu­se­ment un pro­blème, on l’accuse de faire l’important, et le meilleur moyen de le désar­mer est de s’infléchir vers le monde antillais en bran­dis­sant le créole. Il faut trou­ver là une des rai­sons pour les­quelles tant d’amitiés s’écroulent après quelque temps de vie européenne.
    Notre pro­pos étant la désa­lié­na­tion des Noirs, nous vou­drions qu’ils sentent que chaque fois qu’il y a incom­pré­hen­sion entre eux en face du Blanc, il y a absence de discernement.

Un Sénégalais apprend le créole afin de se faire pas­ser pour antillais : je dis qu’il y a aliénation.
Les Antillais qui le savent mul­ti­plient leurs raille­ries je dis qu’il y a absence de discernement.

Lorsqu’un Antillais licen­cié en phi­lo­so­phie déclare ne pas pré­sen­ter l’agrégation, allé­guant sa cou­leur, je dis que la phi­lo­so­phie n’a jamais sau­vé per­sonne. Quand un autre s’acharne à me prou­ver que les Noirs sont aus­si intel­li­gents que les Blancs, je dis : l’intelligence non plus n’a jamais sau­vé per­sonne, et cela est vrai, car si c’est au nom de l’intelligence et de la phi­lo­so­phie que l’on pro­clame l’égalité des hommes, c’est en leur nom aus­si qu’on décide leur extermination.

Think of the way one per­son can make you feel, also the way that one per­son is only one. Why want that one per­son who is only, after all, one per­son, and why wake up lon­ging for a per­son and fall asleep lon­ging for the same per­son and who knows if anyone else in this is lon­ging ? You don’t know if that one per­son is lon­ging, too.

the over-deter­mi­na­tion of each thing unheld

That per­son who is only one per­son is just as over-deter­mi­ned as any­thing else unheld, over-deter­mi­ned like an ange­lic realm or the com­mune or wha­te­ver else you never get but real­ly want. You hold their face in your face. You see how their face goes from one expres­sion to the other. You ima­gine how you could make their face move bet­ween expres­sions. You ima­gine how if you held their face in your eyes how that face would look when held. You think about their face a lot and ask some ques­tions of it : What would it look like if I tou­ched it ? What would it look like if I did that thing to that per­son ? What would it look like if the per­son were doing that thing or another ?

the elas­ti­ci­ty of sur­prise on the longed-for’s face

Remember what it loo­ked like when that per­son was sur­pri­sed by you ? You said some­thing they didn’t expect. That it was unex­pec­ted deligh­ted them from sur­prise, then you saw their face in imme­dia­cy and elas­ti­ci­ty of sur­prise. They said, “You just did that sur­pri­sing thing!” and their face was spread open by sur­prise. You were sur­pri­sed by their sur­prise, and your face spread up open. Every one was imme­diate and elas­tic then. And remem­ber the gri­maces, the person’s face in anger ? Remember the dere­lic­tion and affec­tion ? Remember the look on the face in pure vul­ne­rable reci­pient of plea­sure ? Remember the face with its cre­vices of intel­lec­tual effort ? Remember how you wan­ted to trace any cre­vice ? Remember the look of dog­gish desire ? Remember when you were in your plea­sure, and you ope­ned your eyes and loo­ked at the person’s, too, and added it to your own ? Remember the look of that face in minor pain ? You remem­ber that person’s frus­tra­tion, to, and when you cau­sed it, how the frus­tra­tion slow­ly took the face and ossi­fied it, how that person’s frus­tra­tion when you cau­sed it could be the oppo­site of that face’s sur­prise. This is one per­son, but these were so many dif­ferent faces, then.

the thou­sand fictions

These one per­sons are so many dif­ferent ones, and even if the one per­son has never been your lover you can still remem­ber all of your love in its pre­cise ite­ra­tion and all of it in dif­ferent mea­sures com­bi­ned, and if that per­son hasn’t been your lover yet or for wha­te­ver rea­son never will be, you can make a thou­sand fic­tions of when they were. You can think of the time you haven’t but did deny the per­son plea­sure. You can think of that time you haven’t given but did give plea­sure free­ly as if you were just a radia­tor or the sun. You can think of that person’s face when you made that per­son weep from your own cruel­ty or sad­ness. You can think of the time with that one per­son a thou­sand times or ten thou­sand even if none of it has been yet or will, for wha­te­ver rea­son, be.

the pre­cise method

How do you long ? Like you do. There’s the person’s face in the mor­ning, and then again at night. The per­son is there in dreams some­times : you can think in your dreams “we will walk through this city” and the city is end­less and like eve­ry other city until you wake up. You can ima­gine saying “let’s be as inno­cent as ani­mals or chil­dren” and in this mea­ning “let’s hold each other’s faces in our faces and eyes and pre­tend to suf­fer none of the des­truc­tion inherent in this”. The day is made of alter­na­ting ter­ror of having that per­son with you in some way or not having that per­son with you in some way, the ter­ror of their inter­est or non-inter­est, the ter­ror of asym­me­tri­cal or sym­me­tri­cal desire. Pulling out of the ter­ror, you make some plans to pull out of the ter­ror, to frac­ture idea­li­za­tion or make the per­son more pre­cise but increa­sed expo­sure never actual­ly results in decrea­sed idea­li­za­tion like you plan.

lon­ging as cosmopolitanism

So you can swear you think the one-ness of this one per­son feels real­ly spe­cial right now, and in most hours you would swear to their spe­cial­ness, but in fact it isn’t even that per­son and never limi­ted like that. Sometimes it is one, some­times it is ano­ther, some­times it is a future-orien­ted lon­ging, some­times a nos­tal­gic one, some­times it is a gene­ra­li­zed they-ness, some­times a him-ness or her-ness, the way all the people of past lon­ging com­bine with those of the present lon­ging. This is like some­times how you are in a city you used to live in or one you have visi­ted a lot. Then some­times you feel like you are in all cities at once, or that all cities are basi­cal­ly just one, or that you are dri­ving or wal­king in a city that makes each city the same like the dream city you have the one-per­son in. So, too, your lon­ging has both an enlar­ging and flat­te­ning effect : now that you have been alive for some time, it’s clear all this lon­ging is a kind of cos­mo­po­li­ta­nism. This is the lon­ging that is not in actual rela­tion­ship but out­side of it. That is when it is lon­ging in the state of the gene­ral but not in the spe­ci­fics of one-on-one bodi­ly nego­tia­tion. You hold a face in your eyes a lot and say “I am a citi­zen of lon­ging for that one per­son”, but what you real­ly mean is that you are a citi­zen of lon­ging for the world.